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In this paper, we develop a methodology for early detection of potential CO2 leakage from geological storage formations using pressure and surface-deformation anomalies. The basic idea is based on the fact that leakage-induced pressure signals travel much faster than the migrating CO2; thus such anomalies may be detected early enough for risk management measures taking effect in avoiding substantial CO2 leaks. The early detection methodology involves automatic inversion of anomalous brine leakage signals with efficient forward pressure and surface-deformation modeling tools to estimate the location and permeability of leaky features in the caprock. We conduct a global sensitivity analysis to better understand under which conditions pressure anomalies can be clearly identified as leakage signals, and evaluate signal detectability for a broad parameter range considering different detection limits and levels of data noise. The inverse methodology is then applied to two synthetic examples of idealized two-aquifer-and-one aquitard storage systems, with an injection well and a leaky well, for different monitoring scenarios. In Example 1, only pressure data at the monitoring and injection wells are used for leakage detection. Our results show that the accuracy of leakage detection greatly depends on the level of pressure data noise. In Example 2, joint inversion of pressure and surface-deformation measurements significantly improves the speed of convergence toward the true solution of the leakage parameters and enables early leakage detection. In both examples, successful detection is achieved when two monitoring wells are appropriately placed within up to 4 km from the leaky well. 相似文献
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根据野外剖面实测、室内岩矿鉴定及综合作图等,对广东省二叠纪含煤岩系层序地层特征进行分析,识别出区域不整合面、下切谷冲刷面、古土壤层、事件界面、沉积相转换面5个类型、共6个三级层序界面,划分为5个三级层序。S1～S5各层序底界面的代表界面分别为广花地区K1砂岩底面、广花地区K2砂岩底面、连阳地区灰岩不整合面、连阳地区白灰岩段底面和广花地区圣堂组大套砂岩底面;S5的顶界面为二叠系与三叠系之间的构造事件面。对比不同地区后发现,广花和兴梅两个地区的层序发育特征较为类似,连阳地区5个层序的变化呈现了海侵(S1、S2)-快速海退-海侵(S3)-缓慢海退(S4、S5)的旋回过程,而曲仁地区的5个层序特征类似、变化较小。与20世纪90年代层序地层划分方案对比,有2个层序界面与本次划分的层序界面相同。 相似文献
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E. Forootan A. Safari A. Mostafaie M. Schumacher M. Delavar J. L. Awange 《Surveys in Geophysics》2017,38(3):591-615
Previous studies indicate that water storage over a large part of the Middle East has been decreased over the last decade. Variability in the total (hydrological) water flux (TWF, i.e., precipitation minus evapotranspiration minus runoff) and water storage changes of the Tigris–Euphrates river basin and Iran’s six major basins (Khazar, Persian, Urmia, Markazi, Hamun, and Sarakhs) over 2003–2013 is assessed in this study. Our investigation is performed based on the TWF that are estimated as temporal derivatives of terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) products and those from the reanalysis products of ERA-Interim and MERRA-Land. An inversion approach is applied to consistently estimate the spatio-temporal changes of soil moisture and groundwater storage compartments of the seven basins during the study period from GRACE TWS, altimetry, and land surface model products. The influence of TWF trends on separated water storage compartments is then explored. Our results, estimated as basin averages, indicate negative trends in the maximums of TWF peaks that reach up to ?5.2 and ?2.6 (mm/month/year) over 2003–2013, respectively, for the Urmia and Tigris–Euphrates basins, which are most likely due to the reported meteorological drought. Maximum amplitudes of the soil moisture compartment exhibit negative trends of ?11.1, ?6.6, ?6.1, ?4.8, ?4.7, ?3.8, and ?1.2 (mm/year) for Urmia, Tigris–Euphrates, Khazar, Persian, Markazi, Sarakhs, and Hamun basins, respectively. Strong groundwater storage decrease is found, respectively, within the Khazar ?8.6 (mm/year) and Sarakhs ?7.0 (mm/year) basins. The magnitude of water storage decline in the Urmia and Tigris–Euphrates basins is found to be bigger than the decrease in the monthly accumulated TWF indicating a contribution of human water use, as well as surface and groundwater flow to the storage decline over the study area. 相似文献
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根据钻井岩心、测井及地震等资料对西湖凹陷平湖构造带平湖组沉积体系及层序地层进行研究,并结合泥质岩地球化学特征对古盐度与古水深进行分析。研究结果表明,以平湖组中部P7砂层组底面为界,其下为断陷期,断裂系统对沉积相分布具有控制作用;其上则为拗陷期,向上断裂系统对沉积相分布控制作用逐渐减弱,直至消失。研究区平湖组古盐度与古水深整体反映了振荡式水进、水退的沉积背景,该沉积时期主要以淡水沉积为特征,间歇发育半咸水沉积特征,水体深度一般为0~8 m,在平湖组三段沉积时期达到最大,近14 m。平湖组自下而上可以划分为3个三级层序(Ⅰ—Ⅲ),分别对应平湖组五段、平湖组三—四段、平湖组一—二段,发育三角洲-潮坪沉积体系。层序Ⅰ沉积时期,受北东-南西向断裂影响,以三角洲沉积体系为特征,且断裂对沉积相展布具有控制作用;层序Ⅱ沉积时期,断裂活动减弱,地形逐渐被填平补齐,潮汐作用影响增大,潮坪沉积环境占主导地位,发育少量潮道和潮汐砂坝;层序Ⅲ沉积时期,海水逐渐退去,在宽缓斜坡背景下发育受潮汐影响的三角洲和潮坪沉积。 相似文献